Adapted from the notebook found at How to Build a Law Bot

History Twitter Bot

By Jeff Price

This Twitter Bot is designed to scrape the Wikipedia Engilish main page, gather an item from the "On This Day..." section, and tweet it out at @ThisDayHist.

Source Analysis

I began by analyzing Wikipedia’s robots.txt file and looking through the Terms of Use page to ensure scraping the desired data would be permissible.

Regular Expressions

Perhaps the most difficult part of this project was trying to figure out how to use regular expressions (regex) to pull out data from the (very long) block of code that is the Wikipedia main page. I began by finding the part of the code containing the "On This Day..." material, but had trouble getting the regex search to narrow in on the desired content without capturing other material. My first attempt was to simply include more and more of the code preceding the target material until I had a unique string that would only trip the search where I wanted it to. The problem was, the Wikipedia main page is so full of links, and so sparse on static content, that this string of code wouldn’t survive one of the daily page updates.

Refinement

With the help of Professor Colarusso, I was able to key in on the "four digit year and dash" sequence that preceded the “On This Day…” content, which was found nowhere else on the Wikipedia main page. This solved the search portion of the regular expression, but then I ran into the problem that each historical note after the year was in a different format, with varying lengths of text and numbers of links. I spent much time trying to devise a way to capture just the overall text for one historical note, but was unable to reliably scrape anything but one of the title links.

Additional Issues

I also some minor problems with the other code blocks, mostly having to do with adjustments required by the number and labels of my variables (e.g., I needed to add output_2 in several places and delete other variables). When errors would crop up, I didn’t always remember to search for this issue. Finally, it turns out that even though I thought I was converting the Mac-default Rich Text Format text files into plain text by adjusting the file extension from .rtf to .txt (and agreeing to “convert” the files on the corresponding pop up), this was insufficient to reformat the text files. With some trouble shooting help from Professor Colarusso, I was able to see this format conversion was incomplete, and the proper reformatting solved the final major issue of my bot.

Future Improvements

The bot does scrape, save to a Google sheet, and tweet. However, right now it only tweets the year and title of one event. As such, this bot will currently only tweet twice a day a similar message about the same event. It also only tweets a title from the historical note, which is usually just a noun (e.g., a person’s name, a place, etc). While this information is incomplete, it might make a curious person Google the noun and the year to see what happened.

In the future, I want to refine the regular expression to accurately capture the full text of the relevant historical note (though the Twitter character limit might constrain this), and perhaps even link to the corresponding Wikipedia article. Further, the “On This Day…” section displays around five historical events of note each day, as well as a handful of notable holidays and anniversaries from around the world. Ideally, I would be able to scrape and tweet out each of these historical facts at various times during the day. For example, the bot could be set to scrape the “On This Day…” section once an hour, tweeting out a novel event until it runs out of material.

In [70]:
# Load the module for visiting and reading websites.
import urllib.request
# Load the module for running regular expressions (regex).
import re 
# Load the module for date and time stuff.
import datetime
# Define the variable now as equal to the current date and time.
now = datetime.datetime.now()
In [71]:
# Set the URLs you want to scrape.
url_1 = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"
In [72]:
# Load the module for accessing Google Sheets.
import gspread
# Load the module needed for securely communicating with Google Sheets.
from oauth2client.service_account import ServiceAccountCredentials
# The scope for your access credentials
scope = ['https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds']

# Your spreadsheet's ID
document_key = "1DhNhP6p3xH83mi8UDWXNG_b-EocOJCZVHVUGS6YWLcc"
# Your Google project's .json key
credentials = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('../../../../../SheetsBot-ce4e7f1dda77.json', scope)

# Use your credentials to authorize yourself.
gc = gspread.authorize(credentials)
# Open up the Sheet with the defined ID.
wks = gc.open_by_key(document_key)

#########################################
#
#  NOTE: The name of the sheet you are 
#  trying to access should be in the 
#  parenthetical below (e.g., Data). By
#  Default this is probably "Sheet1".
#
#########################################
worksheet = wks.worksheet("Sheet1")

# Count the number of rows in your Sheet &
# resize to remove blank rows.
worksheet.resize(worksheet.row_count)
In [74]:
# download spreadsheet
import csv
csvfile = "output.csv"
list_of_lists = worksheet.get_all_values()
with open(csvfile, "w") as output:
    writer = csv.writer(output, lineterminator='\n')
    writer.writerows(list_of_lists)

import pandas as pd
output = pd.read_csv(csvfile)
output[:3]
Out[74]:
year event p1 event p2 event p3
0 0 0 0.0 0.0
1 1955 Ngo Dinh Nhu NaN NaN
In [75]:
# Import the relevant Twitter libraries so you can use Twitter.
import twitter
from twitter import TwitterError

with open('../../../../../key.txt', 'r') as myfile:
   key=myfile.read()
   
with open('../../../../../secret.txt', 'r') as myfile:
   secret=myfile.read()
   
with open('../../../../../token_key.txt', 'r') as myfile:
   token_key=myfile.read()

with open('../../../../../token_secret.txt', 'r') as myfile:
   token_secret=myfile.read()

# Set you Twitter API credentials.
api = twitter.Api(consumer_key=key,
                 consumer_secret=secret,
                 access_token_key=token_key,
                 access_token_secret=token_secret)

Read the contents of your first webpage

When you run the next cell, your program will visit the first URL you defined above. It will then print out that page's HTML.

In [76]:
p_1 = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor).open(url_1).read()
print(p_1)
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8"/>\n<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\\s)client-nojs(\\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>\n<script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Main_Page","wgTitle":"Main Page","wgCurRevisionId":798174323,"wgRevisionId":798174323,"wgArticleId":15580374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Main_Page","wgRelevantArticleId":15580374,"wgRequestId":"WfE@1QpAIDQAAFZwOcEAAABT","wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["sysop"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgIsMainPage":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":false,"wgPopupsShouldSendModuleToUser":true,"wgPopupsConflictsWithNavPopupGadget":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en","usePageImages":true,"usePageDescriptions":true},"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgMFExpandAllSectionsUserOption":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"nearby":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false},"wgRelatedArticles":null,"wgRelatedArticlesUseCirrusSearch":true,"wgRelatedArticlesOnlyUseCirrusSearch":false,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCentralNoticeCookiesToDelete":[],"wgCentralNoticeCategoriesUsingLegacy":["Fundraising","fundraising"],"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\\"mode\\":0,\\"hideprefix\\":20,\\"showcount\\":true,\\"namespaces\\":false}","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5296","wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgCodeMirrorEnabled":false,"wgVisualEditorToolbarScrollOffset":0,"wgVisualEditorUnsupportedEditParams":["undo","undoafter","veswitched"],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false});mw.loader.state({"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"ready","user.tokens":"loading","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","skins.vector.styles.experimental.print":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.shared":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.commonPrint":"ready","mediawiki.sectionAnchor":"ready","mediawiki.skinning.interface":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready"});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens@1dqfd7l",function ( $, jQuery, require, module ) {\nmw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\\\","patrolToken":"+\\\\","watchToken":"+\\\\","csrfToken":"+\\\\"});/*@nomin*/\n\n});mw.loader.load(["site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","skins.vector.js"]);});</script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.experimental.print&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>\n<script async="" src="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector"></script>\n<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>\n<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.4"/>\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>\n<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg/1200px-Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg"/>\n<link rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"/>\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia picture of the day feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=potd&amp;feedformat=atom"/>\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia featured articles feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=featured&amp;feedformat=atom"/>\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia &quot;On this day...&quot; feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=onthisday&amp;feedformat=atom"/>\n<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>\n<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>\n<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>\n<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>\n<link rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>\n<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"/>\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />\n<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=html5shiv&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector&amp;sync=1"></script><![endif]-->\n</head>\n<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Main_Page rootpage-Main_Page vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view">\t\t<div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>\n\t\t<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>\n\t\t<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">\n\t\t\t<a id="top"></a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">\n</div>\n\t\t\t<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Main Page</h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="contentSub"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">\n\t\t\t\t\tJump to:\t\t\t\t\t<a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, \t\t\t\t\t<a href="#p-search">search</a>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="mp-topbanner" style="clear:both; position:relative; box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; margin:1.2em 0 6px; min-width:47em; border:1px solid #ddd; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000; white-space:nowrap;">\n<div style="margin:0.4em; width:22em; text-align:center;">\n<div style="font-size:162%; padding:.1em;">Welcome to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>,</div>\n<div style="font-size:95%;">the <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction" title="Wikipedia:Introduction">anyone can edit</a>.</div>\n<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,498,981</a> articles in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div>\n</div>\n<ul style="position:absolute; right:-1em; top:50%; margin-top:-2.4em; width:38%; min-width:25em; font-size:95%;">\n<li style="position:absolute; left:0; top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" title="Portal:Arts">Arts</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:0; top:1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:0; top:3.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:33%; top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:33%; top:1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:33%; top:3.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:66%; top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:66%; top:1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li>\n<li style="position:absolute; left:66%; top:3.2em;"><strong><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">All portals</a></strong></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<table role="presentation" id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;">\n<tr>\n<td id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; padding:0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;">\n<h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span id="From_today\'s_featured_article"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="From_today.27s_featured_article">From today\'s featured article</span></h2>\n<div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">\n<div id="mp-tfa-img" style="float: left; margin: 0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0em;">\n<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg" class="image" title="Marit Larsen in 2009 (left) and Marion Raven in 2007 (right)"><img alt="Marit Larsen in 2009 (left) and Marion Raven in 2007 (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg/160px-Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg/240px-Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg/320px-Marit_Larsen_and_Marion_Raven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2640" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="nowrap">Marit Larsen (left)</span> and <span class="nowrap">Marion Raven (right)</span></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Say_You_Love_Me_(M2M_song)" title="Don\'t Say You Love Me (M2M song)">"<b>Don\'t Say You Love Me</b>"</a> is the debut single by <a href="/wiki/M2M_(band)" title="M2M (band)">M2M</a>, the Norwegian pop duo of <a href="/wiki/Marion_Raven" title="Marion Raven">Marion Raven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marit_Larsen" title="Marit Larsen">Marit Larsen</a> <i>(pictured)</i>. The song first appeared on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Disney" title="Radio Disney">Radio Disney</a> before its official US radio and single release on 26 October 1999. It was included the following month on the soundtrack to <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:_The_First_Movie" title="Pok\xc3\xa9mon: The First Movie">Pok\xc3\xa9mon: The First Movie</a></i>, and appears in the film\'s <a href="/wiki/Closing_credits" title="Closing credits">closing credits</a>. The song was featured on M2M\'s debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_Purple" title="Shades of Purple">Shades of Purple</a></i> (2000), and also appeared on their compilation album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_You_Went_Away:_The_Best_of_M2M" title="The Day You Went Away: The Best of M2M">The Day You Went Away: The Best of M2M</a></i> (2003). Among the song\'s many positive reviews, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(writer_and_editor)" title="Chuck Taylor (writer and editor)">Chuck Taylor</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> said it was "absolutely enchanting" and would appeal to both young and mature listeners. It reached number 2 in Norway, number 4 in both Australia and New Zealand, number 16 in the UK and number 21 on the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" title="Music recording sales certification">certified</a> gold in the US and Australia and remains M2M\'s biggest hit. They performed the song on episodes of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/One_World_(TV_series)" title="One World (TV series)">One World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_in_Concert" title="Disney Channel in Concert">Disney Channel in Concert</a></i>. Two similar music videos were released for the song, with one showing clips from <i>Pok\xc3\xa9mon: The First Movie</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Say_You_Love_Me_(M2M_song)" title="Don\'t Say You Love Me (M2M song)"><b>Full&#160;article...</b></a>)</p>\n<div class="tfa-recent" style="text-align: right;">Recently featured:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright" title="Nancy Cartwright">Nancy Cartwright</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Astraeus_hygrometricus" title="Astraeus hygrometricus">Astraeus hygrometricus</a></i></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class="tfa-footer hlist noprint" style="text-align: right;">\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_article/October_2017" title="Wikipedia:Today\'s featured article/October 2017">Archive</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/daily-article-l" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">More featured articles</a></b></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Did_you_know...">Did you know...</span></h2>\n<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">\n<div class="dyk-img" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;">\n<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_(1)_cropped.jpg" class="image" title="Cremation pyre for King Bhumibol Adulyadej"><img alt="Cremation pyre for King Bhumibol Adulyadej" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg/120px-TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg/180px-TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg/240px-TNN24_-_Royal_crematorium_of_King_Bhumibol_%281%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="611" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Cremation pyre for King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<ul>\n<li>... that the cremation pyres <i>(example pictured)</i> built for <b><a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_funeral" title="Thai royal funeral">Thai royal funerals</a></b> symbolize <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the Hindu centre of the universe?</li>\n<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Traill_(clergyman)" title="Robert Traill (clergyman)">Robert Traill</a></b> was featured in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(TV_series)" title="Victoria (TV series)">Victoria</a></i>, written by his great-great-great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Goodwin" title="Daisy Goodwin">Daisy Goodwin</a>?</li>\n<li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Arago_hotspot" title="Arago hotspot">Arago hotspot</a></b> may have been creating volcanoes, islands, <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Maria" title="\xc3\x8eles Maria">\xc3\x8eles Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> for the past 120 million years?</li>\n<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk</a></b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">\'</span>s preparations for the 1415 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Agincourt campaign</a> cost him \xc2\xa32,000 (over \xc2\xa32 million in today\'s value) and included a seat for his own toilet?</li>\n<li>... that during the summer of 2017, the <b><a href="/wiki/Milli_Fire" title="Milli Fire">Milli Fire</a></b> burned over 24,000 acres (97&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) of forest land in Oregon, much of it in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_Wilderness" title="Three Sisters Wilderness">Three Sisters Wilderness</a> area?</li>\n<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Altan_Xire" title="Altan Xire">Altan Xire</a></b>, the main <a href="/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Townships of the People\'s Republic of China">township</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Ejin_Horo_Banner" title="Ejin Horo Banner">rural county</a> in Inner Mongolia, has an extensive urban skyline?</li>\n<li>... that the first opera by <b><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Lorenzo_Scartazzini" title="Andrea Lorenzo Scartazzini">Andrea Lorenzo Scartazzini</a></b> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_Erfurt" title="Theater Erfurt">Theater Erfurt</a>, the second at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_Basel" title="Theater Basel">Theater Basel</a>, and the third at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a> in 2017?</li>\n<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Swan,_Oldstead" title="The Black Swan, Oldstead">The Black Swan at Oldstead</a></b> is rated the best restaurant in the world by <a href="/wiki/TripAdvisor" title="TripAdvisor">TripAdvisor</a>?</li>\n</ul>\n<div class="dyk-footer hlist noprint" style="margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;">\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions">Recent additions</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article" title="Wikipedia:Your first article">Start a new article</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Did_you_know" title="Template talk:Did you know">Nominate an article</a></b></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<p><br /></p>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style="border:1px solid transparent;"></td>\n<td id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; padding:0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;">\n<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_news">In the news</span></h2>\n<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">\n<div role="figure" class="itn-img" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;">\n<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_(cropped).jpg" class="image" title="Shinz\xc5\x8d Abe in 2016"><img alt="Shinz\xc5\x8d Abe in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg" width="100" height="133" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_Hudson_Institute_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Shinz\xc5\x8d Abe</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<ul>\n<li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the ruling coalition, led by incumbent <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" title="Shinz\xc5\x8d Abe">Shinz\xc5\x8d Abe</a> <i>(pictured)</i>, retains its <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">house</a> supermajority in the <b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_general_election,_2017" title="Japanese general election, 2017">general election</a></b>.</li>\n<li>The <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" title="ANO 2011">ANO</a> party, led by <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babi\xc5\xa1">Andrej Babi\xc5\xa1</a>, wins the most seats in the <b><a href="/wiki/Czech_legislative_election,_2017" title="Czech legislative election, 2017">Czech legislative election</a></b>.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a></b> is set to become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> after forming a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>\xe2\x80\x93<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">NZ First</a> coalition government.</li>\n<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo" title="Lincoln in the Bardo">Lincoln in the Bardo</a></b></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Saunders" title="George Saunders">George Saunders</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Man Booker Prize</a>.</li>\n<li>The Philippines declares victory over <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> in the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi" title="Battle of Marawi">Battle of Marawi</a></b>.</li>\n<li>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> declare victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></b>.</li>\n</ul>\n<div class="itn-footer" style="margin-top: 0.5em;">\n<div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Other recent events</a></b></div>\n<div><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2017" title="Deaths in 2017">Recent deaths</a></b>:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Guillaume" title="Robert Guillaume">Robert Guillaume</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/George_Young_(rock_musician)" title="George Young (rock musician)">George Young</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Kowalski" title="Stan Kowalski">Stan Kowalski</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Downie" title="Gord Downie">Gord Downie</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="On_this_day...">On this day...</span></h2>\n<div id="mp-otd" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">\n<p><b><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a> in <b><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>)</p>\n<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img">\n<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurent_Gbagbo_(2008).jpg" class="image" title="Laurent Gbagbo"><img alt="Laurent Gbagbo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg/100px-Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg" width="100" height="118" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg/150px-Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg/200px-Laurent_Gbagbo_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1069" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Laurent Gbagbo</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a> \xe2\x80\x93 The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> proclaimed chief minister <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos"><span class="nowrap">John VI</span> Kantakouzenos</a> emperor, triggering <b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341\xe2\x80\x931347">a civil war</a></b> between his supporters and those of <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos"><span class="nowrap">John V</span> Palaiologos</a>, the heir to the throne.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> \xe2\x80\x93 The <b><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></b>, one of the most famous gunfights of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American Old West</a>, took place in <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone, Arizona</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a>\'s gang and lawmen led by <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a> \xe2\x80\x93 <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> proclaimed himself president of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> after defeating former Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bao_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao Dai">Bao Dai</a> in a <b><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam_referendum,_1955" title="State of Vietnam referendum, 1955">fraudulent referendum</a></b> supervised by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Nhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo Dinh Nhu">Ngo Dinh Nhu</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> \xe2\x80\x93 Somalian hospital cook <b><a href="/wiki/Ali_Maow_Maalin" title="Ali Maow Maalin">Ali Maow Maalin</a></b> began displaying symptoms in the last known case of naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> \xe2\x80\x93 <b><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Gbagbo" title="Laurent Gbagbo">Laurent Gbagbo</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ivory_Coast" title="List of heads of state of Ivory Coast">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> since <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gu%C3%A9%C3%AF" title="Robert Gu\xc3\xa9\xc3\xaf">Robert Gu\xc3\xa9\xc3\xaf</a> was thrown out of power during the <a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d\'\xc3\xa9tat">1999 Ivorian coup d\'\xc3\xa9tat</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><b><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert of Canterbury</a></b> (d.&#160;760)&#160;<b>\xc2\xb7</b>  <b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></b> (d.&#160;1902)&#160;<b>\xc2\xb7</b>  <b><a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Iwata" title="Masaharu Iwata">Masaharu Iwata</a></b> (b.&#160;1966)</p>\n<div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">More anniversaries:\n<div class="hlist inline nowraplinks">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a></b></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class="otd-footer hlist noprint" style="text-align: right;">\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/October" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/October">Archive</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/daily-article-l" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries" title="List of historical anniversaries">List of historical anniversaries</a></b></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG" style="margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;">\n<div id="mp-bottom">\n<h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em"><span id="Today\'s_featured_picture"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Today.27s_featured_picture">Today\'s featured picture</span></h2>\n<div id="mp-tfp" style="margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;">\n<table role="presentation" style="margin:0 3px 3px; width:100%; text-align:left; background-color:transparent; border-collapse: collapse;">\n<tr>\n<td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg" class="image" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar design"><img alt="Susan B. Anthony dollar design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg/350px-1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg" width="350" height="350" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg/525px-1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg/700px-1979_right-facing_Susan_B._Anthony_design.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1692" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:0 6px 0 0">\n<p>A design by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Engraver_of_the_United_States_Mint" title="Chief Engraver of the United States Mint">Chief Engraver of the United States Mint</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gasparro" title="Frank Gasparro">Frank Gasparro</a> for the <b><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></b>, a <a href="/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)" title="Dollar coin (United States)">dollar coin</a> minted from 1979 to 1981 and again in 1999. Proposed as a smaller replacement for the cumbersome <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollar</a>, the coin was initially intended to depict an allegorical representation of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(goddess)" title="Liberty (goddess)">Liberty</a>. However, legislative and popular demand led to the likeness of social reformer and women\'s rights activist <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> being used instead. In 1978, Gasparro began preparing a design, going through multiple versions depicting Anthony at various stages of her life before settling on an approximation of her at age 50. After the final design was approved, the dollar was first struck in 1978.</p>\n<p><small>Illustration: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gasparro" title="Frank Gasparro">Frank Gasparro</a></small></p>\n<div class="potd-recent" style="text-align:right;">Recently featured:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2017-10-25" title="Template:POTD/2017-10-25">Manhattan</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2017-10-24" title="Template:POTD/2017-10-24">Jane Seymour</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2017-10-23" title="Template:POTD/2017-10-23">Keble College, Oxford</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class="potd-footer hlist noprint" style="text-align:right;">\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/October_2017" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 2017">Archive</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures</a></b></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;">\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_areas_of_Wikipedia">Other areas of Wikipedia</span></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 Ask questions about using Wikipedia.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy" title="Wikipedia:Local Embassy">Local embassy</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation.</li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> \xe2\x80\x93 For discussions about Wikipedia itself, including areas for technical issues and policies.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div id="mp-sister">\n<h2><span id="Wikipedia\'s_sister_projects"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia.27s_sister_projects">Wikipedia\'s sister projects</span></h2>\n<p>Wikipedia is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other <a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" class="extiw" title="wmf:Our projects">projects</a>:</p>\n<table class="layout plainlinks" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;">\n<tr>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="31" height="42" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>\n<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">Commons</a></b><br />\nFree media repository</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" width="35" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="102" /></a></td>\n<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//mediawiki.org/">MediaWiki</a></b><br />\nWiki software development</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/35px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/53px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/70px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></td>\n<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">Meta-Wiki</a></b><br />\nWikimedia project coordination</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/">Wikibooks</a></b><br />\nFree textbooks and manuals</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:3px;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="47" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a></b><br />\nFree knowledge base</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="51" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikinews.org/">Wikinews</a></b><br />\nFree-content news</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="35" height="41" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/">Wikiquote</a></b><br />\nCollection of quotations</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="35" height="37" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a></b><br />\nFree-content library</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" width="35" height="41" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//species.wikimedia.org/">Wikispecies</a></b><br />\nDirectory of species</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" width="41" height="34" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/">Wikiversity</a></b><br />\nFree learning materials and activities</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a></b><br />\nFree travel guide</td>\n<td style="min-width: 50px; text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a></b><br />\nDictionary and thesaurus</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n</div>\n<div id="mp-lang">\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_languages">Wikipedia languages</span></h2>\n<div id="lang" class="nowraplinks nourlexpansion plainlinks">\n<p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Started in 2001<span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001</span>)</span>, it currently contains <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,498,981</a> articles.  Many other Wikipedias are available; some of the largest are listed below.</p>\n<ul>\n<li id="lang-3">More than 1,000,000 articles:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="German (de:)" lang="de" xml:lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Spanish (es:)" lang="es" xml:lang="es">Espa\xc3\xb1ol</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="French (fr:)" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Fran\xc3\xa7ais</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Italian (it:)" lang="it" xml:lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Dutch (nl:)" lang="nl" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Japanese (ja:)" lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">\xe6\x97\xa5\xe6\x9c\xac\xe8\xaa\x9e</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Polish (pl:)" lang="pl" xml:lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Russian (ru:)" lang="ru" xml:lang="ru">\xd0\xa0\xd1\x83\xd1\x81\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8\xd0\xb9</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Swedish (sv:)" lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" lang="vi" xml:lang="vi">Ti\xe1\xba\xbfng Vi\xe1\xbb\x87t</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li id="lang-2">More than 250,000 articles:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Arabic (ar:)" lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xb9\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa8\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa9</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Indonesian (id:)" lang="id" xml:lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malay (ms:)" lang="ms" xml:lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Catalan (ca:)" lang="ca" xml:lang="ca">Catal\xc3\xa0</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Czech (cs:)" lang="cs" xml:lang="cs">\xc4\x8ce\xc5\xa1tina</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Basque (eu:)" lang="eu" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Persian (fa:)" lang="fa" xml:lang="fa">\xd9\x81\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xb3\xdb\x8c</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Korean (ko:)" lang="ko" xml:lang="ko">\xed\x95\x9c\xea\xb5\xad\xec\x96\xb4</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hungarian (hu:)" lang="hu" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian (no:)" lang="no" xml:lang="no">Norsk</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Portuguese (pt:)" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">Portugu\xc3\xaas</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Romanian (ro:)" lang="ro" xml:lang="ro">Rom\xc3\xa2n\xc4\x83</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbian (sr:)" lang="sr" xml:lang="sr">Srpski</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" lang="sh" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Finnish (fi:)" lang="fi" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Turkish (tr:)" lang="tr" xml:lang="tr">T\xc3\xbcrk\xc3\xa7e</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">\xd0\xa3\xd0\xba\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd1\x97\xd0\xbd\xd1\x81\xd1\x8c\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Chinese (zh:)" lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</li>\n<li id="lang-1">More than 50,000 articles:\n<div class="hlist inline">\n<ul>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bosnian (bs:)" lang="bs" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" lang="bg" xml:lang="bg">\xd0\x91\xd1\x8a\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb3\xd0\xb0\xd1\x80\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Danish (da:)" lang="da" xml:lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Estonian (et:)" lang="et" xml:lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Greek (el:)" lang="el" xml:lang="el">\xce\x95\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb7\xce\xbd\xce\xb9\xce\xba\xce\xac</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Simple English (simple:)" lang="simple" xml:lang="simple">English (simple form)</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Esperanto (eo:)" lang="eo" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Galician (gl:)" lang="gl" xml:lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hebrew (he:)" lang="he" xml:lang="he">\xd7\xa2\xd7\x91\xd7\xa8\xd7\x99\xd7\xaa</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Croatian (hr:)" lang="hr" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Latvian (lv:)" lang="lv" xml:lang="lv">Latvie\xc5\xa1u</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" lang="lt" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvi\xc5\xb3</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" lang="nn" xml:lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovak (sk:)" lang="sk" xml:lang="sk">Sloven\xc4\x8dina</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovenian (sl:)" lang="sl" xml:lang="sl">Sloven\xc5\xa1\xc4\x8dina</span></a></li>\n<li><a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Thai (th:)" lang="th" xml:lang="th">\xe0\xb9\x84\xe0\xb8\x97\xe0\xb8\xa2</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div id="metalink" style="text-align:center;" class="plainlinks"><strong><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">Complete list of Wikipedias</a></strong></div>\n</div>\n\n\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1184\nCached time: 20171026014748\nCache expiry: 3600\nDynamic content: true\nCPU time usage: 0.240 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.331 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 3700/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000\nPost\xe2\x80\x90expand include size: 136811/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 10585/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 16/40\nExpensive parser 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[o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="left-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Main Page</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/wiki/Talk:Main_Page" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-variants-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Variants</span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;oldid=798174323" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-wikibase"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5296" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Main_Page&amp;id=798174323" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this 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other projects</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki" hreflang="en">MediaWiki</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Meta-Wiki</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikidata"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikidata</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page" hreflang="en">Wiktionary</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-lang\' aria-labelledby=\'p-lang-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-lang-label\'>Languages</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xb9\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa8\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa9</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd0\x91\xd1\x8a\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb3\xd0\xb0\xd1\x80\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Catal\xc3\xa0</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xc4\x8ce\xc5\xa1tina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xce\x95\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb7\xce\xbd\xce\xb9\xce\xba\xce\xac</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Espa\xc3\xb1ol</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd9\x81\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xb3\xdb\x8c</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fran\xc3\xa7ais</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xed\x95\x9c\xea\xb5\xad\xec\x96\xb4</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd7\xa2\xd7\x91\xd7\xa8\xd7\x99\xd7\xaa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xe1\x83\xa5\xe1\x83\x90\xe1\x83\xa0\xe1\x83\x97\xe1\x83\xa3\xe1\x83\x9a\xe1\x83\x98</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latvie\xc5\xa1u</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvi\xc5\xb3</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xe6\x97\xa5\xe6\x9c\xac\xe8\xaa\x9e</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Portugu\xc3\xaas</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rom\xc3\xa2n\xc4\x83</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd0\xa0\xd1\x83\xd1\x81\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8\xd0\xb9</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sloven\xc4\x8dina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sloven\xc5\xa1\xc4\x8dina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd0\xa1\xd1\x80\xd0\xbf\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8 / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / \xd1\x81\xd1\x80\xd0\xbf\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xbe\xd1\x85\xd1\x80\xd0\xb2\xd0\xb0\xd1\x82\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xe0\xb9\x84\xe0\xb8\x97\xe0\xb8\xa2</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">T\xc3\xbcrk\xc3\xa7e</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xd0\xa3\xd0\xba\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd1\x97\xd0\xbd\xd1\x81\xd1\x8c\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ti\xe1\xba\xbfng Vi\xe1\xbb\x87t</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul id="footer-info">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 August 2017, at 11:44.</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>;\nadditional terms may apply.  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Parse the site's contents

Scan the above HTML for the content you are trying to extract. Cut and paste the HTML above into the TEST STRING box over at Regex 101 and craft a regex that captures your desired content.

Remember the parenthetical is the group you're pulling out. Once you have a working regex, plug it into the code below, and run the cell. If it worked, you'll see you scraped data as an output.

In [77]:
res_1 = re.search(b'>(\d{4})</a>\s\xe2\x80\x93\s<a href=".*"\stitle="(.*)".*</li>\n<li>',p_1)
print(res_1.group(1).decode('UTF-8'))
print(res_1.group(2).decode('UTF-8'))
1955
Ngo Dinh Nhu

Read the contents of your second webpage

Same deal as above, but now we're looking at your second URL.

In [ ]:
 

Parse the site's contents

Again, the same as above, but with a new regex on a new page.

In [ ]:
 

Combine Stuff

Now we're going to take the values you found above and do something with them. The new thing you'll be seeing in this code is the If statement. In Python, if you type if [some evaluation]: then the code directly below that statement and indented once will run only if that evaluation is true. For example:

In [78]:
# The If statment below says: If the variable res_1 actually exists, do what follows.
if res_1: 
    # Make sure res_1 is in a format we can read (that's the "decode" part)
    # output_1 equal to regex match on page one.
    output_1 = res_1.group(1).decode('UTF-8')
    output_2 = res_1.group(2).decode('UTF-8')
In [79]:
# Print out the old values stored in your sheet 
# Note: The first time you run this code, it will be empty as nothing has yet to be stored in your sheet.
print("%s | %s | %s | %s"%(worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[1],worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[2],worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[3],worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[2]))
Ngo Dinh Nhu |  |  | 
In [80]:
# Print the new values pulled from your pages
print("%s | %s"%(output_1,output_2))
1955 | Ngo Dinh Nhu

Post to Twitter and Save to Google

In [82]:
if res_1: 
    # Again, the above tells the program to continue with what follows only if res_1 exists
    
    if ((worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[1]) != output_1) or ((worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[2]) != output_2):
        # The above If statment, says to continue only if the old sheet vales and 
        # the new pulled values are not equal (!=) to eachother. 
        
        if ((worksheet.row_values(worksheet.row_count)[1]) != output_1):
            # The above If statment says to continue only if the first value is 
            # different from the last version stored in the sheet.
                            
            # Go ahead and tweet out the update. Here you need to know about a Twitter API limitation.
            # Twitter will not Tweet the same tweet a second time if it is too close to the first instance.
            # In such cases, it will throw an error. The `try:` and `except TwitterError:` constructions are
            # similar to If statements. However, they will try the first block of code first, and only try 
            # the second block if it runs into a Twitter error. Here, the second try tweaks the language
            # just enough that it isn't a duplicate Tweet.
            try:
                # Post to Twitter.
                status = api.PostUpdate('On this day in %s this happened: %s'%(output_1, output_2))
                print(status.text)
            except TwitterError:
                # Post to Twitter.
                status = api.PostUpdate('In %s on this day, this happened: %s'%(output_1, output_2))
                print(status.text)

        
                
        worksheet.append_row([output_1,output_2])
In 1955 on this day, this happened: Ngo Dinh Nhu
In [ ]: